In the 19th century, homeowners sought reliable roofing materials to offer protection against the elements. Asphalt shingles emerged as a practical choice, revolutionizing historic roofing materials with their durability and simplicity.
Unlike traditional cedar or wood roofing, asphalt shingles offered a cost-effective alternative that could withstand the test of time.
The use of asphalt shingles marked a departure from the labor-intensive cedar shake roofs commonly used in the 19th century. Homeowners embraced the efficiency of asphalt shingles, which were easier to install and required less maintenance.
This shift in roofing materials represented not only a pragmatic choice but also a stylistic one.
The shingle style gained prominence, showcasing the evolution of roofing materials. Asphalt shingles presented homeowners with a variety of styles and colors, allowing them to personalize their roofs.
Shifting from the monotonous cedar shake roofs brought a fresh aesthetic to historic homes, making them stand out in neighborhoods across the country.
The appeal of asphalt shingles lay in their versatility. Homeowners could now choose from a range of styles, mimicking the look of traditional cedar shakes without the associated drawbacks.
The shingle style became synonymous with modernity in the 19th century, offering a blend of functionality and visual appeal.
Asphalt shingles also addressed practical concerns related to weather resistance. Unlike wood roofing materials, asphalt shingles proved more resilient against rain, snow, and sunlight, ensuring a longer lifespan for roofs.
This durability made them an attractive option for homeowners looking for a roofing material that could withstand the harsh elements of the 19th-century climate.
History of Asphalt Shingles
Asphalt shingles, invented by Henry Reynolds in Grand Rapids, Michigan, are a roofing material with an American origin. They were first used in 1903 and became widely popular in some parts of the United States by 1911. By 1939, a whopping 11 million squares (100 million square meters) of shingles were being produced.
The rise of asphalt shingles gained momentum in the 1920s, partly due to a U.S. National Board of Fire Underwriters campaign against using wood shingles on roofs.
The early form of these shingles, known as asphalt prepared roofing, was developed in 1893. Slate granules were introduced to the roofing systems in 1897 to enhance the durability and aesthetic of originally granule-less materials.
Various natural materials, including mica, oyster shells, slate, dolomite, fly-ash, silica, and clay, were tested to measure their effectiveness in roofing systems. In 1901, this material was first cut into strips for use as one-tab and multi-tab shingles.
Initially, all shingles were organic, with the base material, called felt, primarily made from cotton rag until the 1920s. Due to the rising cost of cotton rag, alternative materials such as wool, jute or manila, and wood pulp were used.
In 1926, the Asphalt Shingle and Research Institute, in collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards, tested 22 types of experimental felts, finding no significant differences in performance. In the 1950s, self-sealing and manually applied adhesives were introduced to prevent wind damage to shingle roofs.
The history of roofing shows that fiberglass mat bases were introduced in 1960, initially with limited success, but later generations using fiberglass instead of asbestos proved to offer more durability and protection from the elements.
Research in the 1960s revealed that hail damage occurs when hail reaches a size larger than 1.5 inches (38 mm). In response to concerns about wind resistance, the Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) formed the High Wind Task Force in 1990.
Subsequently, a partnership in 1996 between members of the U.S. property insurance industry, the Institute of Business and Home Safety, and the Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL) created an impact resistance classification system for roofing materials, known as UL 2218.
This system established a national standard for impact resistance, leading to insurers offering discounted premiums for structures using shingles with the highest impact classification (class 4).
In 1998, Texas Insurance Commissioner Elton Bomer mandated premium discounts for policyholders installing class 4 roofs in Texas.
Types of Asphalt Shingles
There are two main kinds of materials used to make asphalt shingles – organic and fiberglass. They’re both made in a similar way, with a base saturated with asphalt covered on one or both sides.
The top surface is coated with different materials like slate or quartz, and the underside is treated to prevent the shingles from sticking together.
The granules on the top surface block harmful UV light, protecting the shingles from damage. The color variations of shingles cater to the specific roofing needs of different areas – lighter colors for sunny places providing energy efficiency and darker ones for cooler regions.
Some shingles even have copper or other things to stop algae from growing. Strips on the underside help the shingles stay in place during strong winds. This part is usually made of limestone or modified resins.
There’s a standard set by the American Society of Civil Engineers called ASTM D7158. It’s used in most U.S. residential building codes to check how well shingles can resist strong winds. They have different classes – D, G, and H – depending on the wind speed they can handle.
Now, let’s talk about two types of shingles – organic and fiberglass.
Organic Shingles
These are made with materials such as waste paper, wood fiber, or cellulose. They contain a significant amount of asphalt, around 40% more than fiberglass shingles, showcasing how roofing materials have evolved.
They’re good, but they can catch fire more easily and get a maximum class “B” FM fire rating. Roofing materials have evolved to be less susceptible to damage in cold weather, exemplifying their durability and aesthetic. Some older versions might even have asbestos.
Most big companies stopped making organic shingles in the mid-to-late 2000s, with the last one being Building Products of Canada in 2011.
Fiberglass Shingles
These were made to replace asbestos in organic shingles. Fiberglass shingles, a development of roofing technology, consist of a glass fiber base layer coated with waterproof asphalt for protection from the elements.
They resist fire better than organic shingles and can get as high as a class “A” rating. They’re lighter, weighing around 1.8 to 2.3 pounds per square foot.
Fiberglass shingles started replacing organic ones in the 1980s and became more popular. There are rules about using asphalt shingles on different roof slopes and surfaces, depending on the slope percentage.
Standard Designs of Asphalt Roof Shingles
Asphalt shingles have two main designs: architectural (also called dimensional) shingles and three-tab shingles. Three-tab shingles are simple, flat, and have the same shape and size, making them lighter and cheaper for both materials and installation.
They are commonly used in less expensive homes like rentals but don’t last as long or have as good warranties as architectural shingles.
On the other hand, architectural shingles are thicker, stronger, and more visually appealing. They come in different shapes and sizes, creating a natural look similar to traditional materials like wood shake shingles.
Although they cost more to install, they come with longer warranties, sometimes up to 50 years. Three-tab shingles usually need replacement after 15–18 years, while architectural shingles can last 24–30 years.
The trend is shifting towards architectural shingles because of their durability and attractive appearance, making them a preferred choice for many homeowners.
9 Asphalt Shingle Benefits That Homeowners Were Looking For In The 19th Century
Durability
In the 19th century, homeowners sought roofing materials that could endure the challenges of the times, and asphalt shingles emerged as a durable solution for their roofing needs.
In an era when roofing options like wood shingles, original slate shingles, and clay tiles were prevalent, asphalt shingles offered a unique combination of longevity, aesthetic appeal, and practicality that made them a popular choice for residential roofing.
The durability of asphalt shingles was a key factor in their preference among homeowners. Unlike traditional materials such as wood shingles, which were susceptible to decay and required more frequent replacement, asphalt shingles showcased a remarkable ability to withstand the test of time.
Weather Resistance
Amidst the challenges of changing seasons and unpredictable weather conditions, the asphalt shingle style emerged as a reliable roofing material that could withstand the elements.
Unlike some roofing from ancient like metal shingles and wood shingles that were prone to decay and damage in varying weather, asphalt shingles demonstrated a remarkable ability to resist adverse weather conditions prevalent during the late 19th century.
Rain, snow, and harsh winds were no match for the robust nature of asphalt shingles, making them a preferred choice for homeowners seeking a durable and weather-resistant roofing solution.
The advancements in asphalt shingle technology during this period contributed to their enhanced weather resistance.
Homeowners appreciated the fact that asphalt shingles could endure heavy rainfall without compromising their structural integrity. The material’s ability to repel water and resist moisture intrusion made it particularly suitable for regions with diverse weather patterns.
Cost-Effectiveness
During that time, traditional historic roofing materials like wood, such as cedar shakes, were common. However, these wood roofs demanded ongoing maintenance and were less durable.
Asphalt shingles, coated with asphalt for added protection, emerged as a more affordable alternative. The roofing industry recognized the ease of installation and the cost-effectiveness of asphalt shingles compared to traditional wood roofing.
Homeowners appreciated the economical aspect, making asphalt shingles a practical choice for those seeking durable and budget-friendly roofing solutions.
This shift to asphalt shingles marked a cost-effective evolution in roofing materials for historic homes. The affordability, coupled with basic installation and maintenance, contributed to the widespread adoption of asphalt shingles during that period.
Homeowners found in them a sensible and economical roofing option, allowing them to safeguard their homes while staying within budget.
Ease of Installation
In the past, asphalt shingles were a popular choice for their homes because they were highly convenient and easy to install. Installing them was a breeze compared to other materials.
You see, asphalt shingles are kind of like big, flat pieces that fit together like a puzzle on the roof. It’s like playing with simple building blocks – just snap them into place, and you’re good to go.
Back then, people didn’t have fancy tools or advanced techniques like we do now. So, having a roofing material such as asphalt shingles that was easy to install and handle was a significant advantage.
Imagine it like a DIY project – the simpler, the better. This made life easier for homeowners and the folks doing the installation.
It saved time and effort, making asphalt shingles a top choice for those looking for a quick and hassle-free way to protect their homes from the weather.
Aesthetic Appeal
Homeowners opted for asphalt shingles because of their appealing appearance. These shingles were available in a variety of colors and shapes, allowing homeowners to customize the look of their roofs according to personal preferences.
The uniform and smooth surface of asphalt shingles provided a neat and tidy aesthetic, contributing to the overall charm of houses. The simplicity of design and versatility made asphalt shingles suitable for various architectural styles prevalent during that period.
Homeowners appreciated the option to either make their houses stand out or seamlessly blend in with the surrounding structures. This adaptability in design allowed for a practical yet visually pleasing choice for roofing.
Beyond just functionality, asphalt shingles served as a means to enhance the curb appeal of homes. The aesthetic appeal of these shingles was akin to selecting a stylish outfit for a house, ensuring that it looked good while also fulfilling the essential role of protecting the home from the elements.
In essence, the aesthetic qualities of asphalt shingles were a significant factor in the decision-making process for homeowners during the 19th century, offering both visual appeal and reliable functionality.
Variety of Styles
standout reason homeowners preferred asphalt shingles was the diverse range of styles they offered. These shingles came in various colors, shapes, and patterns, giving homeowners the freedom to choose a roofing style that suited their personal taste and matched the overall aesthetic of their homes.
The availability of different styles allowed for customization, enabling homeowners to express their individuality through their choice of roofing. Whether they wanted a classic and timeless look or a more contemporary and eye-catching appearance, asphalt shingles provided options to meet diverse style preferences.
The flexibility in design also made asphalt shingles compatible with a wide array of architectural styles prevalent during that era. Homeowners could easily find shingles that complemented the specific characteristics of their houses, creating a harmonious and visually pleasing result.
The variety of styles in asphalt shingles not only allowed for personalization but also contributed to the overall visual appeal of neighborhoods. Homes, adorned with unique and eye-catching roofing styles, added character to the surroundings, reflecting the evolution of roofing technology.
Fire Resistance
Homes during that time were predominantly constructed using wood, and the risk of fires was a significant concern. Asphalt shingles offered a practical solution as they had inherent fire-resistant properties.
Asphalt, the primary component of these shingles, possesses natural fire-resistant qualities. This meant that in case of a fire, the asphalt shingles acted as a barrier, slowing down the spread of flames and reducing the risk of extensive damage to the roof and the entire structure.
This feature provided a sense of security for homeowners, especially in regions where fire hazards were prevalent.
The fire-proofing property of asphalt shingles added to the overall safety of homes, providing a protective layer that could resist embers and sparks, a clear indication of how asphalt shingles have become an essential part of modern roofing systems. This consideration gained notable importance in areas where fire safety regulations were not as developed as they are now, highlighting how specific roofing systems protect from the elements.
Lightweight Construction
Compared to some other roofing materials of the time, asphalt shingles were relatively light and easy to handle. The lightness of asphalt shingles simplified the installation process, making them easy to install and more manageable.
Homeowners and builders didn’t need complex or heavy-duty support structures for the roof, which was especially beneficial in an era where construction methods and equipment were more rudimentary compared to today.
The ease of handling lightweight asphalt shingles also contributed to cost savings. Transportation and labor costs were lower because the materials were not as heavy, making it a practical choice for homeowners looking for a roofing solution that was both affordable and easy to work with.
In regions where extreme weather conditions were not a major concern, the lightweight construction of asphalt shingles was a sensible and practical choice. It allowed for straightforward installation without compromising the structural integrity of the building.
Low Maintenance
Once installed, asphalt shingles required minimal maintenance efforts. They were durable and could withstand the challenges posed by weather and time without losing their effectiveness. This was particularly appealing to homeowners who sought roofing solutions that could endure the elements and needed little intervention.
The low-maintenance aspect of asphalt shingles translated to cost savings over the long term. Homeowners didn’t have to invest significant time or resources in frequent repairs or replacements, making it a practical choice for those seeking a roofing material that offered reliability without constant attention.
In a time when access to specialized roofing professionals was limited, having an easy to install, low-maintenance option like asphalt shingle was a huge benefit. It provided homeowners with peace of mind, knowing that their roofs could endure without requiring continuous upkeep.
Conclusion
In the 19th century, homeowners gravitated towards asphalt shingles for a combination of practical and aesthetic reasons that addressed the challenges of the time. The ease of installation offered a straightforward solution, especially in an era where construction methods were simpler, and DIY approaches were common.
The aesthetic appeal, with a variety of styles and designs, allowed homeowners to express their individuality while complementing the architectural trends of the period.
Fire resistance was a critical factor in regions prone to fire hazards, providing a protective layer that enhanced the overall safety of homes.
The lightweight construction of asphalt shingles simplified the installation process, making them a practical and cost-effective choice for a diverse range of construction situations.
Lastly, the low-maintenance nature of asphalt shingles appealed to homeowners seeking durable roofing solutions that could withstand the elements without constant attention.
We can authoritatively conclude that the future of roofing, both for residential and commercial buildings is bright, thanks to asphalt shingles.